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<title>Contingent work</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Contingent work</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Casual employment" and "casual work" redirect here. For the employment status in Commonwealth countries, see <a href="Casual_employment_(contract)" title="Casual employment (contract)">casual employment (contract)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Contingent work</b>, <b>casual work</b>, <b>gig work</b> or <b>contract work</b>, is an <a href="Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> relationship with limited <a href="Job_security" title="Job security">job security</a>, payment on a <a href="Piece_work" title="Piece work">piece work</a> basis, typically <a href="Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">part-time</a> (typically with variable hours) that is considered non-permanent.

</p><p>According to the US <a href="Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS), the nontraditional workforce includes "multiple job holders, contingent and <a href="Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">part-time</a> workers, and people in alternative work arrangements".<sup id="cite_ref-Futurework_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futurework-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These workers currently represent a substantial portion of the US workforce, and "nearly four out of five employers, in establishments of all sizes and industries, use some form of nontraditional staffing". "People in alternative work arrangements" includes <a href="Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">independent contractors</a>, employees of contract companies, workers who are on call, and temporary workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Futurework_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Futurework-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<p>Contingent workers are also often called <a href="Consultant" title="Consultant">consultants</a>, <a href="Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a>, <a href="Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">independent contractors</a>, independent professionals, temporary contract workers, staff-augmentation workers, or <a href="Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">temps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InformIT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InformIT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contingent<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> work jobs are widely referred to as <a href="McJob" title="McJob">McJobs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was made popular by <a href="Douglas_Coupland" title="Douglas Coupland">Douglas Coupland</a>'s novel <i><a href="Generation_X%3A_Tales_for_an_Accelerated_Culture" title="Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture">Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture</a></i>, and stems from the notion that employment in <a href="McDonald's" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> and other <a href="Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> and <a href="Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> <a href="Business" title="Business">businesses</a> is frequently insecure.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3></div>

<p>The concept of what is now considered to be a <i>job</i>, where one attends work at fixed hours was rare until the <a href="Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Before then, the predominant regular work was in <a href="Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. <a href="Textile" title="Textile">Textile</a> workers would often work from home, buying raw <a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> from a <a href="Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a>, <a href="Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a> it and <a href="Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> it into <a href="Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a> at home, before selling it on.

</p><p>In the 1770s, <a href="Cotton_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton mills">cotton mills</a> started to appear in <a href="Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="England" title="England">England</a>, using <a href="Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a>'s <a href="Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a> and powered by <a href="Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a>. Workers would often work in twelve-hour shifts, six days a week. However, they would still often be paid on a <a href="Piece_work" title="Piece work">piece work</a> basis, and <a href="Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> would be deducted from their pay for damage to <a href="Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>. Employers could <a href="Recruitment" title="Recruitment">hire</a> and <a href="Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">fire</a> largely as they pleased, and if employees had any <a href="Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">grievance</a> about this, there was very little that they could do about it.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_union_movement">Trade union movement</h3></div>

<p>Individual workers were powerless to prevent exploitation by their employers. However, the realization that all workers generally want the same things, and the benefits of <a href="Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>, led to the formation of the first <a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>. As trade unions became larger, their <a href="Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> increased, and started to involve <a href="Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> <a href="Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>, resulting in much of the <a href="Employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment law">employment law</a> that is now taken for granted.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_decline_in_manufacture">20th century decline in manufacture</h3></div>

<p><a href="Manufacture" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacture">Manufacturing</a> has declined during the 20th century in the <a href="Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. Many manufacturing organisations that employ large numbers of people have relocated their operations to <a href="Developing_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing nations">developing nations</a>. As a result, whenever they do hire staff in <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> or <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, they often need to be able to fire them quickly and keep costs as low as possible, to remain <a href="Competitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive">competitive</a>. As a result, some employers may look for <a href="Loophole" title="Loophole">loopholes</a> in employment law, or ways of engaging staff that allows them to circumvent union-negotiated employment law, creating what is now known as contingent work.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributing_factors_and_trends">Contributing factors and trends</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits_to_organizations">Benefits to organizations</h3></div>

<p>By engaging contract workers, organizations are able to be agile and save costs. The contingent workforce acts as a variable workforce for companies to select from to perform specific projects or complete specialized projects.<sup id="cite_ref-BoA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Also as organizations make efforts to be more agile and to quickly respond to change in order to be more competitive, they turn to the contingent workforce to have on-demand access to professionals and experts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations also see the opportunity to reduce benefits and retirement costs by engaging the contingent workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-BoA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is risk involved in avoiding these costs if an employee is improperly classified as a contingent worker. Using the contingent workforce is also cost-effective in that using contingent labor allows for adjustments to employment levels and employment costs depending on what kind of expertise and labor is need and at what time it is needed.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3></div>

<p>Trends in the contingent workforce are also impacted by the economy. A study conducted by the MPS Group shows the relationship between the contingent labor cycle and the state of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an expanding economy, the demand for contingent labor is strong. This is most likely because organizations are trying to grow with the economy, and using contingent workers allows them to work with experts when needed, without the long-term costs of hiring them.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3></div>

<p>Among several other contributing factors, <a href="Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> has had a large impact on the growth in using contingent labor. Globalization contributes to rapid growth in industries, increased outsourcing, and a need for flexibility and agility to remain competitive.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge-driven_economy">Knowledge-driven economy</h3></div>

<p>A knowledge-driven economy also contributes to the growth in the use of the contingent workforce because organizations rely more on their specific and expert knowledge and expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As demand increases for highly skilled and knowledgeable people, the expertise of contract workers becomes more attractive.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_injuries_and_fatalities">Occupational injuries and fatalities</h3></div>

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<p>Contingent workers are at a high risk of being injured or killed on the job. In 2015, 829 fatal injuries (17% of all occupational fatalities) occurred among contract workers, which only represent a subset of contingent workers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have also shown a higher burden of non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses among contingent workers compared to those in standard employment arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are many possible contributing factors to the high rates of injuries and illnesses among contingent workers. They are often inexperienced and assigned to hazardous jobs and tasks,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be reluctant to object to unsafe working conditions or to advocate for safety measures for fear of job loss or other repercussions,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they may lack basic knowledge and skills to protect themselves from workplace hazards due to insufficient safety training.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to a joint guidance document released by the <a href="Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) and the <a href="National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH), both staffing agencies and host employers in the United States (clients of staffing agencies) are responsible for providing and maintaining a safe and healthy work environment for contingent workers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaborative and interdisciplinary (e.g., epidemiology, occupational psychology, organizational science, economics, law, management, sociology, labor health and safety) research and intervention efforts are needed to protect and promote the occupational safety and health of contingent workers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2022, NIOSH and partners released a set of occupational safety and health best practices for host employers of temporary workers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Checklists to foster adoption of the best practices and a slide deck staffing companies can use to educate their host employer clients about the best practices are also included.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2></div>

<p>Advantages and disadvantages for employers using contingent workers:

</p>

<th>Advantages<sup id="cite_ref-InformIT_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InformIT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<th>Disadvantages

</th></tr>

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<td>Flexibility in type and amount of labor resources

</td>

<td>Lack of loyalty to employer or company

</td></tr>

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<td>Save costs in benefits and tax

</td>

<td>Disturbs organization's core morale and culture

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<td>Immediate access to expertise not present internally

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<td>Training costs

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<td>Savings in long-term compensation costs

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<td>Worker carries the full risk, limited benefits

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<ul><li><a href="Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">Adjunct professor</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_attorney" title="Contract attorney">Contract attorney</a></li>

<li><a href="Day_labor" title="Day labor">Day labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispatched_labor" title="Dispatched labor">Dispatched labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghost_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Work">Ghost Work</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_capital" title="Human capital">Human capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Misclassification_of_employees_as_independent_contractors" title="Misclassification of employees as independent contractors">Misclassification of employees as independent contractors</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Permatemp" title="Permatemp">Permatemp</a></li>

<li><a href="Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li>

<li><a href="Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li>

<li><a href="Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_contract" title="Psychological contract">Psychological contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li>

<li><a href="Workforce_casualisation" title="Workforce casualisation">Workforce casualisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero-hour_contract" title="Zero-hour contract">Zero-hour contract</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615142248/http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/2000/Summer/art04.pdf">"Futurework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Occupational Outlook Quarterly</i>. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 1999. p. 36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/2000/Summer/art04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 June 2006.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-InformIT-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InformIT_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InformIT_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=437082&seqNum=8">"Workforce Planning and Employment"</a>. <i>InformIT</i>. Pearson. 19 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.nr0.htm">"Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements, February 2005"</a>. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerChristensen1998" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Kathleen; Christensen, Kathleen (October 19, 1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contingentworkam00kath"><i>Contingent Work: American Employment Relations in Transition</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contingentworkam00kath/page/1">1</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0801484057</bdi> – via Internet Archive. <q>Kathleen Christensen.</q></cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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<ul><li><i>Contingent Work: American Employment Relations in Transition</i>, edited by Kathleen Barker and Kathleen Christensen, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0801484057</bdi></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Employment942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Academic tenure</a></li>

<li><a href="Casual_employment_(contract)" title="Casual employment (contract)">Casual</a></li>

<li><a href="Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-employment" title="Self-employment">Self-employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">Skilled worker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Journeyman" title="Journeyman">Journeyman</a></li>

<li><a href="Technician" title="Technician">Technician</a></li>

<li><a href="Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">Tradesperson</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">Independent contractor</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li>

<li><a href="Laborer" title="Laborer">Laborer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Hiring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Application_for_employment" title="Application for employment">Application</a></li>

<li><a href="Background_check" title="Background check">Background check</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover_letter" title="Cover letter">Cover letter</a></li>

<li><a href="Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">Curriculum vitae</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Employment contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment_counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment counsellor">Employment counsellor</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_search" title="Executive search">Executive search</a>

<li><a href="Induction_programme" title="Induction programme">Induction programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job fraud</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">Job hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_interview" title="Job interview">Job interview</a></li>

<li><a href="Letter_of_recommendation" title="Letter of recommendation">Letter of recommendation</a></li>

<li><a href="Onboarding" title="Onboarding">Onboarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Overqualification" title="Overqualification">Overqualification</a></li>

<li><a href="Person%E2%80%93environment_fit" title="Person–environment fit">Person–environment fit</a></li>

<li><a href="Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory" title="Personality–job fit theory">Personality–job fit theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Personality_hire" title="Personality hire">Personality hire</a></li>

<li><a href="Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li>

<li><a href="Realistic_job_preview" title="Realistic job preview">Realistic job preview</a></li>

<li><a href="Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">Résumé</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li>

<li><a href="Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">Employee</a></li>

<li><a href="Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">Employer</a></li>

<li><a href="Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li>

<li><a href="Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">Permanent employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li>

<li><a href="Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Social_class" title="Social class">Working class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li>

<li><a href="White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Red-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">No-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Orange-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Scarlet-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Black-collar</a></li>

<li><a href="Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Gold-collar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Career" title="Career">Career</a> and <a href="Training" title="Training">training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li>

<li><a href="Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">Master craftsman</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avocation" title="Avocation">Avocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Career_assessment" title="Career assessment">Career assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">Career counseling</a></li>

<li><a href="Career_development" title="Career development">Career development</a></li>

<li><a href="Coaching" title="Coaching">Coaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li>

<li><a href="Education" title="Education">Education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li>

<li><a href="E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Employability" title="Employability">Employability</a></li>

<li><a href="Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a></li>

<li><a href="Induction_training" title="Induction training">Induction training</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">Licensure</a></li>

<li><a href="Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">Lifelong learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Overspecialization" title="Overspecialization">Overspecialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Practice-based_professional_learning" title="Practice-based professional learning">Practice-based professional learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">Reflective practice</a></li>

<li><a href="Retraining" title="Retraining">Retraining</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Mentorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Practice_firm" title="Practice firm">Practice firm</a></li>

<li><a href="Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a>

<ul><li><a href="Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">Operator</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li>

<li><a href="Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li>

<li><a href="Career_break" title="Career break">Career break</a></li>

<li><a href="Furlough" title="Furlough">Furlough</a></li>

<li><a href="Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">Leave of absence</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_service_leave" title="Long service leave">Long service leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_leave" title="Stress leave">Stress leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">Schedules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li>

<li><a href="Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li>

<li><a href="996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li>

<li><a href="Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li>

<li><a href="Overtime" title="Overtime">Overtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li>

<li><a href="Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li>

<li><a href="Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">Workweek and weekend</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a> and <a href="Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frisch_elasticity_of_labor_supply" title="Frisch elasticity of labor supply">Frisch elasticity of labor supply</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Global labor arbitrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_share" title="Labor share">Labor share</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">World</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minimum_wage_in_Canada" title="Minimum wage in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Price_elasticity_of_demand" title="Price elasticity of demand">Price elasticity of demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Progressive wage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Singapore</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Overtime_rate" title="Overtime rate">Overtime rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance-related pay</a></li>

<li><a href="Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Remuneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">Benefits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage_leave" title="Marriage leave">Marriage leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pension_systems_by_country" title="Pension systems by country">By country</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sick_leave_in_the_United_States" title="Sick leave in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Take-home_vehicle" title="Take-home vehicle">Take-home vehicle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">Payroll tax</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">Tax bracket</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a>

<ul><li><a href="Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">Disposable income</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Salary_packaging" title="Salary packaging">Salary packaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Safety and health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crunch_(video_games)" title="Crunch (video games)">Crunch</a></li>

<li><a href="Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents" title="List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents">List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injury</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_noise" title="Occupational noise">Occupational noise</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_accident" title="Work accident">Work accident</a>

<ul><li><a href="Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">Occupational fatality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Workplace phobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Workplace wellness</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals" title="List of corporate collapses and scandals">Corporate collapses and scandals</a>

<ul><li><a href="Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">Control fraud</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">Corporate behaviour</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li>

<li><a href="Employee_handbook" title="Employee handbook">Employee handbook</a></li>

<li><a href="Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Willingness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boreout" title="Boreout">Boreout</a></li>

<li><a href="Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a></li>

<li><a href="McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Organizational commitment</a></li>

<li><a href="Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Bonded labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labour camp</a></li>

<li><a href="Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li>

<li><a href="Truck_wages" title="Truck wages">Truck wages</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li>

<li><a href="Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a>

<ul><li><a href="Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">Termination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">At-will employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">Dismissal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Banishment_room" title="Banishment room">Banishment room</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructive_dismissal" title="Constructive dismissal">Constructive dismissal</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">Wrongful dismissal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Employee_offboarding" title="Employee offboarding">Employee offboarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Exit_interview" title="Exit interview">Exit interview</a></li>

<li><a href="Layoff" title="Layoff">Layoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Notice_period" title="Notice period">Notice period</a></li>

<li><a href="Resignation" title="Resignation">Resignation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Letter_of_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of resignation">Letter of resignation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a></li>

<li><a href="Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Microretirement" title="Microretirement">Microretirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Retirement_planning" title="Retirement planning">Retirement planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Retirement_spend-down" title="Retirement spend-down">Retirement spend-down</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Severance_package" title="Severance package">Severance package</a>

<ul><li><a href="Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">Golden handshake</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_parachute" title="Golden parachute">Golden parachute</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li>

<li><a href="Discouraged_worker" title="Discouraged worker">Discouraged worker</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Economic depression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Frictional_unemployment" title="Frictional unemployment">Frictional unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a>

<ul><li><a href="Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession" title="Job losses caused by the Great Recession">Job losses caused by the Great Recession</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_recessions" title="Lists of recessions">Lists of recessions</a></li>

<li><a href="Recession-proof_job" title="Recession-proof job">Recession-proof job</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">Structural unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Types_of_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of unemployment">Types of unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_Convention%2C_1919" title="Unemployment Convention, 1919">Unemployment Convention, 1919</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_extension" title="Unemployment extension">Unemployment extension</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">List of countries by unemployment rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a>

<li><a href="Wage_curve" title="Wage curve">Wage curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_creation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation program">Job creation program</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_creation_index" title="Job creation index">Job creation index</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li>

<li><a href="Employer_of_last_resort" title="Employer of last resort">Employer of last resort</a></li>

<li><a href="Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li>

<li><i>Historical:</i></li>

<li><a href="Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></li></ul>

<p><a href="Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act" title="Comprehensive Employment and Training Act">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act</a>

</p>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li>

<li><a href="Credentialism_and_educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism and educational inflation">Credentialism and educational inflation</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Going_postal" title="Going postal">Going postal</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li>

<li><a href="Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li>

<li><a href="Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_compression" title="Wage compression">Wage compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li>

<li><a href="Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"></span></span> See also templates</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Aspects of corporations</li>

<li>Aspects of jobs</li>

<li>Aspects of occupations</li>

<li>Aspects of organizations</li>

<li>Aspects of workplaces</li>

<li>Corporate titles</li>

<li>Critique of work</li>

<li>Organized labor</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organised_labour252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organised_labour252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organised labour</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labour history</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labour rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a> (<a href="Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public sector</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Labour_council" title="Labour council">Labour council</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organiser</a></li>

<li><a href="National_trade_union_center" class="mw-redirect" title="National trade union center">National trade union centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">Global union federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Unionization" title="Unionization">Unionisation</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_representative" title="Union representative">Union representative</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_union" title="Local union">Local union</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_dues" title="Union dues">Union dues</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigilance_committee_(trade_union)" title="Vigilance committee (trade union)">Vigilance committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_label" title="Union label">Union label</a></li>

<li><a href="Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">Trades hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Duty_of_fair_representation" title="Duty of fair representation">Duty of fair representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Worker_center" title="Worker center">Worker centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organising model</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_unionism" title="Community unionism">Community unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">Members-only unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_unionism" title="Business unionism">Business unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Company_union" title="Company union">Company union</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_union" title="Independent union">Independent union</a></li>

<li><a href="General_union" title="General union">General union</a></li>

<li><a href="Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial<br>relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shops and hiring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">Closed shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">Agency shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_shop" title="Union shop">Union shop</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Hiring hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Scope_clause" title="Scope clause">Scope clause</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_co-op_model" title="Union co-op model">Union co-op model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bossnapping" title="Bossnapping">Bossnapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li>

<li><a href="Gherao" title="Gherao">Gherao</a></li>

<li><a href="Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">Grievance</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_revolt" title="Labour revolt">Labour revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li>

<li><a href="Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li>

<li><a href="Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Salting_(union_organizing)" title="Salting (union organizing)">Salting</a></li>

<li><a href="Slowdown" title="Slowdown">Slowdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_notice" title="Strike notice">Strike notice</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Organisational dissent</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfair_list" title="Unfair list">Unfair list</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strike_actions18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li>

<li><a href="General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li>

<li><a href="Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li>

<li><a href="Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Recognition_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition strike">Recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity actions</a></li>

<li><a href="Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bargaining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">Bargaining unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_bargaining" title="Collaborative bargaining">Collaborative bargaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sectoral_collective_bargaining" title="Sectoral collective bargaining">Sectoral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_bargaining_agreement" title="Enterprise bargaining agreement">Enterprise bargaining agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_contract_(labor)" title="Master contract (labor)">Master contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">Pattern bargaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">Union security agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">Strike pay</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_wage_premium" title="Union wage premium">Union wage premium</a></li>

<li><a href="Workers'_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Labor_spying_in_the_United_States" title="Labor spying in the United States">Labour spies in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li>

<li><a href="Givebacks" title="Givebacks">Givebacks</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_local" title="Paper local">Paper local</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anti-union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Union_violence" title="Union violence">Union violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Demarcation_dispute" title="Demarcation dispute">Demarcation dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">Goon squads</a></li>

<li><a href="Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">Featherbedding</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_raid" title="Union raid">Union raids</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li>

<li><a href="Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li>

<li><a href="Diversity%2C_equity%2C_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labour unions</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour code">Labour code</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strikes</a></li>

<li><a href="Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Protection" title="Protection">Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li>

<li><a href="Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Contingent_work&oldid=1300941187">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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